Plant Assessment Form

More Senecio jacobaea resources

Senecio jacobaea

Common Names: tansy ragwort; stinking willie; stavewort; kettle-dock; felonweed; Fairies' horse; tansy butterweed; staggerwort

Evaluated on: 8/10/04

List committee review date: 27/08/2004

Re-evaluation date:

Evaluator(s)

Brianna Richardson, Project Manager
California Invasive Plant Council
1442-A Walnut Street #462, Berkeley, CA 94709
510.843.3902
brichardson@cal-ipc.org

List committee members

Joe DiTomaso
Alison Stanton
Peter Warner
John Randall
Jake Sigg
Cynthia Roye

General Comments

No general comments for this species

Table 2. Criteria, Section, and Overall Scores

Overall Score? Limited

Alert Status? No Alert

Documentation? 3 out of 5

Score

Documentation

1.1

?Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes

C. Minor

Other Published Material

Impact?
Four-part score CCBC Total Score
C

1.2

?Impact on plant community

C. Minor

Other Published Material

1.3

?Impact on higher trophic levels

B. Moderate

Other Published Material

1.4

?Impact on genetic integrity

C. Minor/Low

Other Published Material

2.1

?Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment

C. Minor

Other Published Material

Invasiveness?
Total Points
12 Total Score B

2.2

?Local rate of spread with no management

A. Increases rapidly

Other Published Material

2.3

?Recent trend in total area infested within state

D. Declining

Other Published Material

2.4

?Innate reproductive potential
(see Worksheet A)

A. High

Other Published Material

2.5

?Potential for human-caused dispersal

B. Moderate

Other Published Material

2.6

? Potential for natural long-distance dispersal

B. Occasional

Other Published Material

2.7

?Other regions invaded

C. Already invaded

Other Published Material

3.1

?Ecological amplitude/Range
(see Worksheet C)

A. Widespread

Other Published Material

Distribution?
Total Score B

3.2

?Distribution/Peak frequency
(see Worksheet C)

C. Low

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Table 3. Documentation

Scores are explained in the "Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands".

Section 1: Impact
Question 1.1 Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes? Consider the impact on the natural range and variation of abiotic ecosystem processes and system-wide parameters in ways that significantly diminish the ability of native species to survive and reproduce. Alterations that determine the types of communities that can exist in a given area are of greatest concern. Examples of abiotic processes include: - fire occurrence, frequency, and intensity; - geomorphological changes such as erosion and sedimentation rates; - hydrological regimes, including soil water table; - nutrient and mineral dynamics, including salinity, alkalinity, and pH; - light availability (e.g. when an aquatic invader covers an entire water body that would otherwise be open). Select the one letter below that best describes this species' most severe impact on an abiotic ecosystem process: A. Severe, possibly irreversible, alteration or disruption of an ecosystem process. B. Moderate alteration of an ecosystem process. C. Minor alteration of an ecosystem process. D. Negligible perceived impact on an ecosystem process. U. Unknown.	C Other Published Material
Identify ecosystem processes impacted: Dense infestations can increase soil erosion. May increase productivity among some pasture species. This in turn, may reduce microbial biomass in the soil. Only one source identified the ability of ragwort to increase soil erosion. Microbial biomass decreases appear to be a concern primarily in pastures. Sources of information: Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.) Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76.
Question 1.2 Impact on plant community composition, structure, and interactions? Consider the cumulative ecological impact of this species to the plant communities it invades. Give more weight to changes in plant composition, structure, and interactions that involve rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - formation of stands dominated (>75% cover) by the species; - occlusion (>75% cover) of a native canopy, including a water surface, that eliminates or degrades layers below; - significant reduction or extirpation of populations of one or more native species. Examples of impacts usually less than severe include: - reduction in propagule dispersal, seedling recruitment, or survivorship of native species; - creation of a new structural layer, including substantial thatch or litter, without elimination or replacement of a pre-existing layer; - change in density or depth of a structural layer; - change in horizontal distribution patterns or fragmentation of a native community; - creation of a vector or intermediate host of pests or pathogens that infect native plant species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition, structure and interactions: A. Severe alteration of plant community composition, structure, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of plant community composition. C. Minor alteration of community composition. D. Negligible impact known; causes no perceivable change in community composition, structure, or interactions. U. Unknown.	C Other Published Material
Identify type of impact or alteration: Can crowd out desireable forage species. Can form dense infestations when disturbance occurs. Pristine plant communities are generally resistant to ragwort infestation. Micro-disturbances in the soil created by rodent burrows and deer tracks can provide sufficient habitat for ragwort to invade and maintain its presence in less disturbed plant communities. Once established, ragwort can compete with grasses and clover. The dead rosette opens a space for germination of the seeds. Ragwort can dominate in highly disturbed plant communities. In OR, populations of the rare Sidalcea hirtipes increased >40% after ragwort biocontrols were released. Ragwort has been shown to inhibit seed germination and seedling emergence and growth of Lolium perenne and several legumes through allelopathy. Legumes were more affected by this. However, ragwort may increase productivity among some pasture species. Ragwort acts as a ruderal, colonizing after disturbance and relatively transient during periods of stability. More competitive at the rosette stage. Most literature focuses on the agricultural impacts of ragwort. Little evidence is available to support the idea that it can significantly threaten native plants. Though, it has impacted them in OR, no data was available for CA. Sources of information: Mitich, LW. 1995. Intriguing world of weeds: Tansy ragwort. Weed Technology. V.9: 402-404.here Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.) Bain, JF. 1991. The biology of Canadian weeds. 96. Senecio jacobaea L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. V.71: 127-140. Ahmed, M., DA Wardle. 1994. Allelopathic potential of veggetative and flowering ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) plants against associated pasture species. Plant and Soil. V.164: 61-68. Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76.
Question 1.3 Impact on higher trophic levels? Consider the cumulative impact of this species on the animals, fungi, microbes, and other organisms in the communities that it invades. Although a non-native species may provide resources for one or a few native species (e.g. by providing food, nesting sites, etc.), the ranking should be based on the species' net impact on all native species. Give more weight to changes in composition and interactions involving rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - extirpation or endangerment of an existing native species or population; - elimination or significant reduction in native species' nesting or foraging sites, cover, or other critical resources (i.e., native species habitat), including migratory corridors. Examples of impacts that are usually less than severe include: - minor reduction in nesting or foraging sites, cover, etc. for native animals; - minor reduction in habitat connectivity or migratory corridors; - interference with native pollinators; - injurious components, such as awns or spines that damage the mouth and gut of native wildlife species, or production of anti-digestive or acutely toxic chemical that can poison native wildlife species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition and interactions: A. Severe alteration of higher trophic populations, communities, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. C. Minor alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities or interactions. D. Negligible impact; causes no perceivable change in higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. E. Unknown.	B Other Published Material
Identify type of impact or alteration: Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is toxic to livestock and deer when grazed in a single large quantity or in small quantities over time. Has cause serious livestock losses in PNW. May be accidentally ingested by animals in the seedling stage. Young livestock is 2-3 times more susceptible to poisoning than older animals. Adult animals must eat 5-7% of their body weight to die. Many animals prefer other forage over tansy ragwort. Numerous insects pollinate it. In OR, ragwort provides an additional nectar source for the threatened Speyeria zerene hippolyta butterfly. May be a poisoning threat to deer. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Coombs, E., C. Mallory-Smith, LC Burrill, RH Callahan, R. Parker, H. Radtke. 1997. Weeds: Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Pacific Northwest Weed Notes. Oregon State University Extension Service publication. Mitich, LW. 1995. Intriguing world of weeds: Tansy ragwort. Weed Technology. V.9: 402-404.
Question 1.4 Impact on genetic integrity? Consider whether the species can hybridize with and influence the proportion of individuals with non-native genes within populations of native species. Mechanisms and possible outcomes include: - production of fertile or sterile hybrids that can outcompete the native species; - production of sterile hybrids that lower the reproductive output of the native species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on genetic integrity: A. Severe (high proportion of individuals). B. Moderate (medium proportion of individuals). C. Minor (low proportion of individuals). D. No known hybridization. U. Unknown.	C Other Published Material
No hybrids have been reported from North America. Many native Senecios exist. Does coexist w/native, potential exists, but has not been documented. Possible a pollen swamping situation exists on the Medocino coast with the native, rare S. bolanderi. Sources of information: Bain, JF. 1991. The biology of Canadian weeds. 96. Senecio jacobaea L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. V.71: 127-140. PW, JD
Section 2: Invasiveness
Question 2.1 Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment? Assess this species' dependence on disturbance: both human and natural: for establishment in wildlands. Examples of anthropogenic disturbances include: - grazing, browsing, and rooting by domestic livestock and feral animals; - altered fire regimes, including fire suppression; - cultivation; - silvicultural practices; - altered hydrology due to dams, diversions, irrigation, etc.; - roads and trails; - construction; - nutrient loading from fertilizers, runoff, etc. Examples of natural disturbance include: - wildfire; - floods; - landslides; - windthrow; - native animal activities such as burrowing, grazing, or browsing. Select the first letter in the sequence below that describes the ability of this species to invade wildlands: A. Severe invasive potential: this species can establish independent of any known natural or anthropogenic disturbance. B. Moderate invasive potential: this species may occasionally establish in undisturbed areas but can readily establish in areas with natural disturbances. C. Low invasive potential: this species requires anthropogenic disturbance to establish. D. No perceptible invasive potential: this species does not establish in wildlands (though it may persist from former cultivation). U. Unknown.	A Other Published Material
Describe role of disturbance: Open areas result in better seedling establishment. One of the first plants to colonize cut-over forests. Rodent mounding and scratching can create ideal establishment conditions. Most references indicate that disturbance is required for ragwort establishment. Disturbance is required for germination of dormant, buried seeds. All literature notes that establishment requires disturbance. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Coombs, E., C. Mallory-Smith, LC Burrill, RH Callahan, R. Parker, H. Radtke. 1997. Weeds: Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Pacific Northwest Weed Notes. Oregon State University Extension Service publication. Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.) Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76.
Question 2.2 Local rate of spread with no management? Assess this species' rate of spread in existing localized infestations where the proportion of available habitat invaded is still small when no management measures are implemented. Select the one letter below that best describes the rate of spread: A. Increases rapidly (doubling in <10 years) B. Increases, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	A Other Published Material
Describe rate of spread: In MT, one infestation has "expanded exponentially" since it was first discovered in 1993 (in 1997 it covered 1500 net acres over 150 sq.miles.) Ragwort can dominate an area in less than 10 years if disturbance occurs (ex. overgrazing, logging). Can double in less than 10 years if appropriate habitat is available. Sources of information: Mott, Gary. 1997. Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) briefing paper. Western Area Weed Council. (This is a memo or email) Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.)
Question 2.3 Recent trend in total area infested within state? Assess the overall trend in the total area infested by this species statewide. Include current management efforts in this assessment and note them. Select the one letter below that best describes the current trend: A. Increasing rapidly (doubling in total range statewide in <10 years) B. Increasing, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	D Other Published Material
Describe trend: Populations have been dramatically reduced in CA and OR since the introduction of two biocontrols (Tyria jacobaeae, Longitarsus jacobaeae). Biocontrols have greatly reduced populations of ragwort. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published.
Question 2.4 Innate reproductive potential? Assess the innate reproductive potential of this species. Worksheet A is provided for computing the score.	A Other Published Material
Describe key reproductive characteristics: Annual, biennial, or perennial. Behaves as a short-lived perennial when mowed, grazed or injured. Develops many spreading lateral roots, which can send up new shoots in response to injury; and which can produce new shoots if fragmented. Flowers July-September. Each shoot produces 20-60 flower heads with numerous disk and ray flowers on each head. Seeds typically remain viable in the soil for 6 years, may remain viable for up to 20 yrs. A single plant can produce 5,000-200,000 seeds over a 4-6 week period. 9 points. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Coombs, E., C. Mallory-Smith, LC Burrill, RH Callahan, R. Parker, H. Radtke. 1997. Weeds: Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Pacific Northwest Weed Notes. Oregon State University Extension Service publication. Mitich, LW. 1995. Intriguing world of weeds: Tansy ragwort. Weed Technology. V.9: 402-404. Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76. PW, JD, JR
Question 2.5 Potential for human-caused dispersal? Assess whether this species is currently spread: or has high potential to be spread: by direct or indirect human activity. Such activity may enable the species to overcome natural barriers to dispersal that would not be crossed otherwise, or it may simply increase the natural dispersal of the species. Possible mechanisms for dispersal include: - commercial sales for use in agriculture, ornamental horticulture, or aquariums; - use as forage, erosion control, or revegetation; - presence as a contaminant (seeds or propagules) in bulk seed, hay, feed, soil, packing materials, etc.; - spread along transportation corridors such as highways, railroads, trails, or canals; - transport on boats or boat trailers. Select the one letter below that best describes human-caused dispersal and spread: A. High: there are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas. B. Moderate: human dispersal occurs, but not at a high level. C. Low: human dispersal is infrequent or inefficient. D. Does not occur. U. Unknown.	B Other Published Material
Identify dispersal mechanisms: Spread by agricultural equipment, human activity, on the tires of vehicles, and on the shoes and clothes of people. Can be spread in contaminated hay or straw. Seeds may be spread in the manure of livestock. Can be spread by fire-fighting activity. Human dispersal is unintentional but does occur. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Coombs, E., C. Mallory-Smith, LC Burrill, RH Callahan, R. Parker, H. Radtke. 1997. Weeds: Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Pacific Northwest Weed Notes. Oregon State University Extension Service publication. Mott, Gary. 1997. Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) briefing paper. Western Area Weed Council. (This is a memo or email)
Question 2.6 Potential for natural long-distance dispersal? We have chosen 1 km as the threshold of "long-distance." Assess whether this species is frequently spread, or has high potential to be spread, by animals or abiotic mechanisms that can move seed, roots, stems, or other propagules this far. The following are examples of such natural long-distance dispersal mechanisms: - the species' fruit or seed is commonly consumed by birds or other animals that travel long distances; - the species' fruits or seeds are sticky or burred and cling to feathers or hair of animals; - the species has buoyant fruits, seeds, or other propagules that are dispersed by flowing water; - the species has light propagules that promote long-distance wind dispersal; - The species, or parts of it, can detach and disperse seeds as they are blown long distances (e.g., tumbleweed). Select the one letter below that best describes natural long-distance dispersal and spread: A. Frequent long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. B. Occasional long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. C. Rare dispersal more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. D. No dispersal of more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. U. Unknown.	B Other Published Material
Identify dispersal mechanisms: Seeds can be dispersed a short distance (a few meters) by wind. While not verified, very strong winds may be able to blow seeds many kilometers, but only if they are pulled into the atmosphere. Water dipsersal is likely. Also dispersed by clinging to the fur, feathers, and feet of animals. Seeds may survive ingestion by birds, but some experiments have found this unlikely. Occassionally dispersed long distances by animals and water. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76.
Question 2.7 Other regions invaded? Assess whether this species has invaded ecological types in other states or countries outside its native range that are analogous to ecological types not yet invaded in your state (see Worksheets B, C, and D for California, Arizona, and Nevada, respectively, in Part IV for lists of ecological types). This information is useful in predicting the likelihood of further spread within your state. Select the one letter below that best describes the species' invasiveness in other states or countries, outside its native range. A. This species has invaded 3 or more ecological types elsewhere that exist in your state and are as yet not invaded by this species (e.g. it has invaded Mediterranean grasslands, savanna, and maquis in southern Europe, which are analogous to California grasslands, savanna, and chaparral, respectively). B. Invades 1 or 2 ecological types that exist but are not yet invaded in your state. C. Invades elsewhere but only in ecological types that it has already invaded in the state. D. Not known as an escape anywhere else. U. Unknown.	C Other Published Material
Identify other regions: State-listed noxious weed in AZ, CO, ID, OR, WA. Distribution includes ID, MT, OR, WA to British Columbia, IL, MI, some northeastern states. Naturalized in India, Africa, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. Occurs along beaches in OR. Same ecotypes as in CA. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mitich, LW. 1995. Intriguing world of weeds: Tansy ragwort. Weed Technology. V.9: 402-404. Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.)
Section 3: Distribution
Question 3.1 Ecological amplitude/Range? Refer to Worksheet C and select the one letter below that indicates the number of different ecological types that this species invades. A. Widespread: the species invades at least three major types or at least six minor types. B. Moderate: the species invades two major types or five minor types. C. Limited: the species invades only one major type and two to four minor types. D. Narrow: the species invades only one minor type. U. Unknown.	A Other Published Material
First reported in OR in 1922. Disturbed sites, waste places, roadsides, pastures, fields, rangeland, near riparian areas, forested areas. Inhabits grassland, woodland, and dunes in its native range. Often found in grasslands, cut-over forests, nonirrigated patures, and woodland pastures in PNW. Inhabits at least 3 major ecotypes and 6 minor in CA. Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Coombs, E., C. Mallory-Smith, LC Burrill, RH Callahan, R. Parker, H. Radtke. 1997. Weeds: Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Pacific Northwest Weed Notes. Oregon State University Extension Service publication. Bain, JF. 1991. The biology of Canadian weeds. 96. Senecio jacobaea L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. V.71: 127-140.
Question 3.2 Distribution/Peak frequency? To assess distribution, record the letter that corresponds to the highest percent infested score entered in Worksheet C for any ecological type.	C Reviewed Scientific Publication
Describe distribution: North Coast, western Klamath Ranges, soutwestern Cascade Range, northern Sierra Nevada, northern Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay region. Requires areas of sufficient rainfall. Infests 3 million acres in the PNW including northern CA. Requires a climate similar to central Europe, cooler and wetter than much of California. Dry summer months greatly inhibit seedling establishment. present in at least 6-20% of north coast coniferous forest Sources of information: DiTomaso, J., E. Healy. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Not yet published. Mitich, LW. 1995. Intriguing world of weeds: Tansy ragwort. Weed Technology. V.9: 402-404. Coombs, EM, PB McEvoy, CE Turner. 1999. Tansy ragwort. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Sheley, RL, JK Petroff (eds.) Wardle, DA. 1987. The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)--A review. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. V.10: 67-76. Observational, List Committee, 8/2004.

Worksheet A - Innate reproductive potential

Reaches reproductive maturity in 2 years or less	Yes
Dense infestations produce >1,000 viable seed per square meter	Yes
Populations of this species produce seeds every year.	Yes
Seed production sustained over 3 or more months within a population annually	No
Seeds remain viable in soil for three or more years	Yes
Viable seed produced with both self-pollination and cross-pollination	Yes
Has quickly spreading vegetative structures (rhizomes, roots, etc.) that may root at nodes	Yes
Fragments easily and fragments can become established elsewhere	No
Resprouts readily when cut, grazed, or burned	Yes
Total points:	9
Total unknowns:	0
Total score:	A? Scoring Criteria for Worksheet A A. High reproductive potential (6 or more points). B. Moderate reproductive potential (4-5 points). C. Low reproductive potential (3 points or less and less than 3 Unknowns). U. Unknown (3 or fewer points and 3 or more Unknowns).

Related traits:

Worksheet B - Arizona Ecological Types is not included here

Worksheet C - California Ecological Types

(sensu Holland 1986)

Major Ecological Types	Minor Ecological Types	Code? A means >50% of type occurrences are invaded; B means 20% to 50%; C means 5% to 20%; D means present but <5%; U means unknown (unable to estimate percentage of occurrences invaded)
Marine Systems	marine systems
Freshwater and Estuarine	lakes, ponds, reservoirs
Aquatic Systems	rivers, streams, canals
Aquatic Systems	estuaries
Dunes	coastal	D, < 5%
	desert
	interior
Scrub and Chaparral	coastal bluff scrub
	coastal scrub
	Sonoran desert scrub
	Mojavean desert scrub (incl. Joshua tree woodland)
	Great Basin scrub
	chenopod scrub
	montane dwarf scrub
	Upper Sonoran subshrub scrub
	chaparral
Grasslands, Vernal Pools, Meadows, and other Herb Communities	coastal prairie	D, < 5%
	valley and foothill grassland
	Great Basin grassland
	vernal pool
	meadow and seep
	alkali playa
	pebble plain
Bog and Marsh	bog and fen
Bog and Marsh	marsh and swamp
Riparian and Bottomland habitat	riparian forest	D, < 5%
	riparian woodland	D, < 5%
	riparian scrub (incl.desert washes)
Woodland	cismontane woodland
	piñon and juniper woodland
	Sonoran thorn woodland
Forest	broadleaved upland forest
	North Coast coniferous forest	C, 5% - 20%
	closed cone coniferous forest
	lower montane coniferous forest	D, < 5%
	upper montane coniferous forest
	subalpine coniferous forest
Alpine Habitats	alpine boulder and rock field
Alpine Habitats	alpine dwarf scrub
	Amplitude (breadth):	A
	Distribution (highest score):	C

Infested Jepson Regions

Click here for a map of Jepson regions

CA Floristic Province
Cascade Range
Central West
Great Valley
Northwest
Sierra Nevada
Southwest
Mojave Desert