Plant Assessment Form

More Hypericum canariense resources

Hypericum canariense

Synonyms: Hypericum floribundum

Common Names: Canary Island St. Johnswort; Grenadillo

Evaluated on: 13-Jan-05

List committee review date: 11/03/2005

Re-evaluation date:

Evaluator(s)

Katrina M. Dlugosch / Doctoral Student
Univeristy of California - Santa Cruz
E E Biology/ EMS Santa Cruz, CA 95064
(831) 459-3677
dlugosch@biology.ucsc.edu

List committee members

Joe DiTomaso
John Randall
Carla Bossard

General Comments

No general comments for this species

Table 2. Criteria, Section, and Overall Scores

Overall Score? Moderate

Alert Status? Alert

Documentation? 2 out of 5

Score

Documentation

1.1

?Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes

U. Unknown

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Impact?
Four-part score UACU Total Score
B

1.2

?Impact on plant community

A. Severe

Observational

1.3

?Impact on higher trophic levels

C. Minor

1.4

?Impact on genetic integrity

U. Unknown

2.1

?Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment

B. Moderate

Other Published Material

Invasiveness?
Total Points
12 Total Score B

2.2

?Local rate of spread with no management

B. Increases less rapidly

Anecdotal

2.3

?Recent trend in total area infested within state

B. Increasing less rapidly

Anecdotal

2.4

?Innate reproductive potential
(see Worksheet A)

A. High

Observational

2.5

?Potential for human-caused dispersal

C. Low

Anecdotal

2.6

? Potential for natural long-distance dispersal

C. Rare

Observational

2.7

?Other regions invaded

C. Already invaded

Other Published Material

3.1

?Ecological amplitude/Range
(see Worksheet C)

B. Moderate

Other Published Material

Distribution?
Total Score C

3.2

?Distribution/Peak frequency
(see Worksheet C)

D. Very low

Anecdotal

Table 3. Documentation

Scores are explained in the "Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands".

Section 1: Impact
Question 1.1 Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes? Consider the impact on the natural range and variation of abiotic ecosystem processes and system-wide parameters in ways that significantly diminish the ability of native species to survive and reproduce. Alterations that determine the types of communities that can exist in a given area are of greatest concern. Examples of abiotic processes include: - fire occurrence, frequency, and intensity; - geomorphological changes such as erosion and sedimentation rates; - hydrological regimes, including soil water table; - nutrient and mineral dynamics, including salinity, alkalinity, and pH; - light availability (e.g. when an aquatic invader covers an entire water body that would otherwise be open). Select the one letter below that best describes this species' most severe impact on an abiotic ecosystem process: A. Severe, possibly irreversible, alteration or disruption of an ecosystem process. B. Moderate alteration of an ecosystem process. C. Minor alteration of an ecosystem process. D. Negligible perceived impact on an ecosystem process. U. Unknown.	U Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify ecosystem processes impacted: Sources of information:
Question 1.2 Impact on plant community composition, structure, and interactions? Consider the cumulative ecological impact of this species to the plant communities it invades. Give more weight to changes in plant composition, structure, and interactions that involve rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - formation of stands dominated (>75% cover) by the species; - occlusion (>75% cover) of a native canopy, including a water surface, that eliminates or degrades layers below; - significant reduction or extirpation of populations of one or more native species. Examples of impacts usually less than severe include: - reduction in propagule dispersal, seedling recruitment, or survivorship of native species; - creation of a new structural layer, including substantial thatch or litter, without elimination or replacement of a pre-existing layer; - change in density or depth of a structural layer; - change in horizontal distribution patterns or fragmentation of a native community; - creation of a vector or intermediate host of pests or pathogens that infect native plant species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition, structure and interactions: A. Severe alteration of plant community composition, structure, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of plant community composition. C. Minor alteration of community composition. D. Negligible impact known; causes no perceivable change in community composition, structure, or interactions. U. Unknown.	A Observational
Identify type of impact or alteration: Formation of monotypic stands, with no additional species below the canopy of this tall shrub. Sources of information: K. Dlugosch, Personal observation in California and Hawaii (2001-2005).
Question 1.3 Impact on higher trophic levels? Consider the cumulative impact of this species on the animals, fungi, microbes, and other organisms in the communities that it invades. Although a non-native species may provide resources for one or a few native species (e.g. by providing food, nesting sites, etc.), the ranking should be based on the species' net impact on all native species. Give more weight to changes in composition and interactions involving rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - extirpation or endangerment of an existing native species or population; - elimination or significant reduction in native species' nesting or foraging sites, cover, or other critical resources (i.e., native species habitat), including migratory corridors. Examples of impacts that are usually less than severe include: - minor reduction in nesting or foraging sites, cover, etc. for native animals; - minor reduction in habitat connectivity or migratory corridors; - interference with native pollinators; - injurious components, such as awns or spines that damage the mouth and gut of native wildlife species, or production of anti-digestive or acutely toxic chemical that can poison native wildlife species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition and interactions: A. Severe alteration of higher trophic populations, communities, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. C. Minor alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities or interactions. D. Negligible impact; causes no perceivable change in higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. E. Unknown.	C
Identify type of impact or alteration: The entire family of Hypericum is poisonous to livestock. Seed is too small to be food for native species. Sources of information: Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.
Question 1.4 Impact on genetic integrity? Consider whether the species can hybridize with and influence the proportion of individuals with non-native genes within populations of native species. Mechanisms and possible outcomes include: - production of fertile or sterile hybrids that can outcompete the native species; - production of sterile hybrids that lower the reproductive output of the native species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on genetic integrity: A. Severe (high proportion of individuals). B. Moderate (medium proportion of individuals). C. Minor (low proportion of individuals). D. No known hybridization. U. Unknown.	U
Some native Hypericum but this species probably doesn't encounter them. Sources of information: Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis
Section 2: Invasiveness
Question 2.1 Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment? Assess this species' dependence on disturbance: both human and natural: for establishment in wildlands. Examples of anthropogenic disturbances include: - grazing, browsing, and rooting by domestic livestock and feral animals; - altered fire regimes, including fire suppression; - cultivation; - silvicultural practices; - altered hydrology due to dams, diversions, irrigation, etc.; - roads and trails; - construction; - nutrient loading from fertilizers, runoff, etc. Examples of natural disturbance include: - wildfire; - floods; - landslides; - windthrow; - native animal activities such as burrowing, grazing, or browsing. Select the first letter in the sequence below that describes the ability of this species to invade wildlands: A. Severe invasive potential: this species can establish independent of any known natural or anthropogenic disturbance. B. Moderate invasive potential: this species may occasionally establish in undisturbed areas but can readily establish in areas with natural disturbances. C. Low invasive potential: this species requires anthropogenic disturbance to establish. D. No perceptible invasive potential: this species does not establish in wildlands (though it may persist from former cultivation). U. Unknown.	B Anecdotal
Describe role of disturbance: Soil disturbance or vegetation removal may provide sites of reduced competition and abundant light for new seedlings. Sources of information: Munz, P. (1968). Supplement to A California Flora. Berkeley, University of California Press. Smith, C. (1976). A flora of the Santa Barbara region, California: an annotated catalogue of the native and naturalized plants of the Santa Barbara County mainland and nearby Channel Islands. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Mike Kelly (California Invasive Plant Council) - 2001 Personal communication K. Dlugosch, Personal observations (2001-2005)
Question 2.2 Local rate of spread with no management? Assess this species' rate of spread in existing localized infestations where the proportion of available habitat invaded is still small when no management measures are implemented. Select the one letter below that best describes the rate of spread: A. Increases rapidly (doubling in <10 years) B. Increases, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	B Anecdotal
Describe rate of spread: Local land owners/stewards have witnessed large increases in population size over (at least) the past five years. Sources of information: Warren McCord (Kula Botanical Gardens - Maui) - 2003 Personal communication John Wade (Pescadero Conservation Alliance) - 2001 Personal communication Mary Platter Rieger (US Navy Biology - Point Loma San Diego) - Personal communication
Question 2.3 Recent trend in total area infested within state? Assess the overall trend in the total area infested by this species statewide. Include current management efforts in this assessment and note them. Select the one letter below that best describes the current trend: A. Increasing rapidly (doubling in total range statewide in <10 years) B. Increasing, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	B Anecdotal
Describe trend: Rapid expansion at sites of intial introduction at several locations on the CA coast, but new foci of invasion have rarely been reported from other locations (though expansion through urban San Diego appears to be quite extensive). Sources of information: Mike Kelly (California Invasive Plant Council) - 2001 Personal communication John Wade (Pescadero Conservation Alliance) - 2001 Personal communication Bob Allen (California State University, Fullerton) - 2004 Personal communication K. Dlugosch, Personal observations (2001-2005)
Question 2.4 Innate reproductive potential? Assess the innate reproductive potential of this species. Worksheet A is provided for computing the score.	A Observational
Describe key reproductive characteristics: Reproductive maturity is reached in as little as one year. Each fruit produces several hundred seeds, and large plants may produce a few hundred fruits. Seed production occurs every year from June through September. Viable fruits can be made via self-pollination or cross-pollination. Seed longevity is unknown. This plant will spread through underground rhizomes, but it is unclear how quickly this occrurs. Control has been attempted via topical herbicide, but plants resprout readily. Sources of information: Katrina Dlugosch - unpublished data
Question 2.5 Potential for human-caused dispersal? Assess whether this species is currently spread: or has high potential to be spread: by direct or indirect human activity. Such activity may enable the species to overcome natural barriers to dispersal that would not be crossed otherwise, or it may simply increase the natural dispersal of the species. Possible mechanisms for dispersal include: - commercial sales for use in agriculture, ornamental horticulture, or aquariums; - use as forage, erosion control, or revegetation; - presence as a contaminant (seeds or propagules) in bulk seed, hay, feed, soil, packing materials, etc.; - spread along transportation corridors such as highways, railroads, trails, or canals; - transport on boats or boat trailers. Select the one letter below that best describes human-caused dispersal and spread: A. High: there are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas. B. Moderate: human dispersal occurs, but not at a high level. C. Low: human dispersal is infrequent or inefficient. D. Does not occur. U. Unknown.	C Anecdotal
Identify dispersal mechanisms: Still sold as an ornamental but not widely cultivated. Sources of information: Consensus of weed committee.
Question 2.6 Potential for natural long-distance dispersal? We have chosen 1 km as the threshold of "long-distance." Assess whether this species is frequently spread, or has high potential to be spread, by animals or abiotic mechanisms that can move seed, roots, stems, or other propagules this far. The following are examples of such natural long-distance dispersal mechanisms: - the species' fruit or seed is commonly consumed by birds or other animals that travel long distances; - the species' fruits or seeds are sticky or burred and cling to feathers or hair of animals; - the species has buoyant fruits, seeds, or other propagules that are dispersed by flowing water; - the species has light propagules that promote long-distance wind dispersal; - The species, or parts of it, can detach and disperse seeds as they are blown long distances (e.g., tumbleweed). Select the one letter below that best describes natural long-distance dispersal and spread: A. Frequent long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. B. Occasional long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. C. Rare dispersal more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. D. No dispersal of more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. U. Unknown.	C Observational
Identify dispersal mechanisms: Has very small seeds that fall to ground and probably are not spread far. Sources of information: Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis, pers. obs.
Question 2.7 Other regions invaded? Assess whether this species has invaded ecological types in other states or countries outside its native range that are analogous to ecological types not yet invaded in your state (see Worksheets B, C, and D for California, Arizona, and Nevada, respectively, in Part IV for lists of ecological types). This information is useful in predicting the likelihood of further spread within your state. Select the one letter below that best describes the species' invasiveness in other states or countries, outside its native range. A. This species has invaded 3 or more ecological types elsewhere that exist in your state and are as yet not invaded by this species (e.g. it has invaded Mediterranean grasslands, savanna, and maquis in southern Europe, which are analogous to California grasslands, savanna, and chaparral, respectively). B. Invades 1 or 2 ecological types that exist but are not yet invaded in your state. C. Invades elsewhere but only in ecological types that it has already invaded in the state. D. Not known as an escape anywhere else. U. Unknown.	C Other Published Material
Identify other regions: Invading Mediterranean-type grasslands in Hawaii (Maui) and areas of Victoria and Western Australia, Australia. Sources of information: Maui: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Western Australia: Sandy Lloyd (with State Weed Plan - W. Austr. Dept of Agr.) - 2002 Personal communication Victoria, Australia: Michael Hansford (with Dept of Primary Industries) - 2002 Personal communication
Section 3: Distribution
Question 3.1 Ecological amplitude/Range? Refer to Worksheet C and select the one letter below that indicates the number of different ecological types that this species invades. A. Widespread: the species invades at least three major types or at least six minor types. B. Moderate: the species invades two major types or five minor types. C. Limited: the species invades only one major type and two to four minor types. D. Narrow: the species invades only one minor type. U. Unknown.	B Other Published Material
This species was introduced first as an ornamental at the turn of the 20th century, but was probably introduced to particular areas much later. All known invasions are in coastal areas receiving substantial inputs of fog. This habitat is similar to that of the native range, where H. canariense is common on the foggy sides of the mountainous Canary Islands, but is very rare on the drier faces. It is likely that H. canariense will continue to invade only the coastal areas of the state, but its success in both San Deigo and San Mateo counties suggests that it is a major threat to CA coast. Sources of information: Munz, P. (1968). Supplement to A California Flora. Berkeley, University of California Press. Smith, C. (1976). A flora of the Santa Barbara region, California: an annotated catalogue of the native and naturalized plants of the Santa Barbara County mainland and nearby Channel Islands. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. U of CA Press, Berkeley. Personal observation in CA, HI and the Canary Islands 2001-2005.
Question 3.2 Distribution/Peak frequency? To assess distribution, record the letter that corresponds to the highest percent infested score entered in Worksheet C for any ecological type.	D Anecdotal
Describe distribution: Known invading populations: San Mateo County - coastal grassland and scrub near Franklin Point. Orange County - Dana Point, San Juan Capistrano San Deigo city - widespread on coastal grassalnd and sage scrub Angel Island in San Francisco Bay (unconfirmed) Sources of information: K. Dlugosch Personal Observations (2001-2005) Bob Allen (California State University, Fullerton) - 2004 Personal communicaiton Dave Boyd (California State Parks) - 2002 Personal communication

Worksheet A - Innate reproductive potential

Reaches reproductive maturity in 2 years or less	Yes
Dense infestations produce >1,000 viable seed per square meter	Yes
Populations of this species produce seeds every year.	Yes
Seed production sustained over 3 or more months within a population annually	Yes
Seeds remain viable in soil for three or more years	Unknown
Viable seed produced with both self-pollination and cross-pollination	Yes
Has quickly spreading vegetative structures (rhizomes, roots, etc.) that may root at nodes	Unknown
Fragments easily and fragments can become established elsewhere	No
Resprouts readily when cut, grazed, or burned	Yes
Total points:	7
Total unknowns:	2
Total score:	A? Scoring Criteria for Worksheet A A. High reproductive potential (6 or more points). B. Moderate reproductive potential (4-5 points). C. Low reproductive potential (3 points or less and less than 3 Unknowns). U. Unknown (3 or fewer points and 3 or more Unknowns).

Related traits:

Worksheet B - Arizona Ecological Types is not included here

Worksheet C - California Ecological Types

(sensu Holland 1986)

Major Ecological Types	Minor Ecological Types	Code? A means >50% of type occurrences are invaded; B means 20% to 50%; C means 5% to 20%; D means present but <5%; U means unknown (unable to estimate percentage of occurrences invaded)
Marine Systems	marine systems
Freshwater and Estuarine	lakes, ponds, reservoirs
Aquatic Systems	rivers, streams, canals
Aquatic Systems	estuaries
Dunes	coastal
	desert
	interior
Scrub and Chaparral	coastal bluff scrub
	coastal scrub	D, < 5%
	Sonoran desert scrub
	Mojavean desert scrub (incl. Joshua tree woodland)
	Great Basin scrub
	chenopod scrub
	montane dwarf scrub
	Upper Sonoran subshrub scrub
	chaparral
Grasslands, Vernal Pools, Meadows, and other Herb Communities	coastal prairie	D, < 5%
	valley and foothill grassland
	Great Basin grassland
	vernal pool
	meadow and seep
	alkali playa
	pebble plain
Bog and Marsh	bog and fen
Bog and Marsh	marsh and swamp
Riparian and Bottomland habitat	riparian forest
	riparian woodland
	riparian scrub (incl.desert washes)
Woodland	cismontane woodland
	piñon and juniper woodland
	Sonoran thorn woodland
Forest	broadleaved upland forest
	North Coast coniferous forest
	closed cone coniferous forest
	lower montane coniferous forest
	upper montane coniferous forest
	subalpine coniferous forest
Alpine Habitats	alpine boulder and rock field
Alpine Habitats	alpine dwarf scrub
	Amplitude (breadth):	B
	Distribution (highest score):	D

Infested Jepson Regions

Click here for a map of Jepson regions

Central West
Northwest
Sierra Nevada
Southwest